Hookworm
hookworm
The teeth-like plates that are used to attach this hookworm to the surface of the intestinal tract. Hookworms can each drink 1.0 ml of blood per day.
The human hookworms include two nematode (roundworm) species, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus which can grow up to 13 mm n length.. A smaller group of hookworms infecting animals can invade and parasitize humans (A. ceylanicum) or can penetrate the human skin (causing cutaneous larva migrans), but do not develop any further (A. braziliense, Uncinaria stenocephala).
Life Cycle:
Hookworm Life Cycle
Source: Center for Disease Control.gov
Adult worms live in the lumen of the small intestine, where they attach to the intestinal wall with resultant host blood loss. Eggs are passed in the stool, and under favourable conditions (moisture, warmth, shade), hatch in 1 to 2 days.
Larvae are released, grow in the faeces and/or the soil, and after 5 to 10 days (and two molts) have become filariform (L-3) larvae that are infective. These infective larvae can survive 3 to 4 weeks in favourable environments.
On contact with the human host, the larvae penetrate the skin and are carried through the veins and the heart to the lungs. They penetrate into the pulmonary alveolae, ascend the bronchial tree to the pharynx, and are swallowed. Upon reaching the small intestine, they undergo two more molts yielding fourth stage larvae (L4) and then adult worms.
Five weeks or more are required from invasion by the L3 to oviposition by the adult female. Most adult worms are eliminated in 1 to 2 years, but longevity records can reach several years. Some A. duodenale larvae, following penetration of the host skin, can become dormant (in the intestine or muscle!). In addition, infection by A. duodenale may probably also occur by the oral and transmammary route. (N. americanus, however, requires a transpulmonary migration phase.)
Hookworms are the second most common human helminthic infection with worldwide distribution, mostly in areas with moist, warm climate. Both N. americanus and A. duodenale are found in Africa, Asia and the Americas. Necator americanus predominates in the Americas and Australia, while only A. duodenale is found in the Middle East, North Africa and southern Europe.
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